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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodgeball

Dodgeball is a team sport in which players on two teams try to throw balls and hit opponents, while avoiding being hit themselves. The objective of each team is to eliminate all members of the opposing team by hitting them with thrown balls, catching a ball thrown by an opponent, or inducing an opponent to commit a violation, such as stepping outside the court.

The sport is played informally (in schools and pick-up games) under varying rules; and formally as an international sport, under rules that vary among international governing bodies, such as the World Dodgeball Federation (WDBF) and the World Dodgeball Association (WDA). USA Dodgeball is the governing entity for dodgeball in the United States, with member leagues and clubs across the nation.[1]

Equipment

 
WDBF foam dodgeballs used at the World Dodgeball Championships

There are many different ball types used around the world, including 8.5-inch rubber, “no-sting” rubber, foam and cloth. USA Dodgeball uses all ball types across multiple tournaments held by them and their member organizations. The World Dodgeball Federation uses primarily foam for their World Championships with plans to include cloth in the coming years, as those are the two balls used most widely across the world.

The WDBF specifies the use of 6 balls with six players per side for their World Championships.[2] Various rule sets governing number of balls and players are used around the world depending on the court size, level of play, and the organization’s discretion.

The WDA specifies the use of five balls; certain national rule sets, such as in Austria, specify six.[3] Amateur games typically use from three to ten balls, the number tailored to the size of the court and the number of players. More balls generally adds to the amount of action in a game, but can result in stalemate with many blocks. If there are too few balls, the element of stealth is removed, as players can see all the balls that might hit them.

Court

 
An example of a dodgeball court used in the Elite Dodgeball Invitational

Dodgeball can be played on any surface that has clearly marked boundaries and a center line, such as a basketball or volleyball court or fenced area. Elite Dodgeball specifies a court 50 feet (15 m) by 25 feet (7.6 m), where a zone 10 feet (3.0 m) wide at the junction of the areas is a neutral zone.[4]

Games can also be played outdoors on a soccer pitch or football field. The WDBF organizes games on beaches[5] and USA Dodgeball hosts tournaments at trampoline parks.[6] WDBF specifies a court 60 feet (18 m) by 30 feet (9.1 m) with no neutral zone.[2]

Matchplay

 

Length of game

Informal matches of dodgeball are typically played until all players on one side are out. In WDBF guidelines, matches last a total of 40 minutes. These are split into two 20-minute halves, during which as many sets as possible are played. A set lasts until all players on one side are out. One point is awarded for every set won. Teams switch sides at halftime.[2]

Starting the game

In informal dodgeball, balls are initially distributed to players by one of the following methods:

  • By even distribution to the two teams.
  • By being lined up on the central dividing line.

In this latter option, players then rush toward the center line to grab one of the balls. This is called the opening rush. It is never legal to immediately throw such a ball at an opponent; a player grabbing a ball on the center line retreats or throws it back to a teammate.

In WDBF regulations, the ball must be returned behind an “attack line”, roughly a third of the way from the back of court. Players may only run for the balls on the right side of the court.[2]

Gameplay

Following distribution, players aim to hit one another. A ball is considered “live” from the moment it leaves a player’s hand up until it touches the floor, wall, or ceiling, when it becomes “dead”. If a player is hit by an opponent’s live ball, they are “out”; if the ball is dead, there is no hit. If a player catches a live ball, the opponent who threw the ball is out and a player on the catcher’s team is “revived” from the outbox; however, if they fail to secure the catch, leading to them dropping the ball, the failed catcher is out.

In WDBF regulations, players may “block” a throw with another ball. In this situation, the thrown ball remains live, as it has not hit the floor or a wall, and so can be caught or can still hit a player out. If the blocker drops the ball used to block, they have failed to keep their ball secure and are out.

 
 

Dead balls that leave the court can only be returned to players by each team’s designated ball retrievers. Stepping outside the court, including stepping on a boundary line or entering the opponents’ zone, is a violation. Other violations include kicking a ball, displaying bad sportsmanship, and stalling (having a ball for over ten seconds and doing nothing with it).[7] The penalty is that the violator is out.[2]

Optional rules

Main article: List of dodgeball variations

Optional rules may be in effect in informal games of dodgeball or in open matches by agreement:

  1. “Head shots” (thrown balls that hit an opposing player in the head) may either result in the thrower being out, or the person being hit being out, or neither[2][8]
  2. In “jailball”, players who are out go to “jail” behind the opponents’ back line. They can return to the game if they:
    • Capture a dead ball, or
    • Capture a dead ball and throw it and hit an opponent.
  3. In games played on a basketball court, thrown balls that hit the backboard or go into the goal (even if deflected by a player or another ball) may have special status, such as returning all eliminated teammates to the court.
  4. When there are so few players on the court that dodging the ball is easy, “No Lines” may be declared. This means that there are no team zones; players can go anywhere on the court to get a better shot at an opponent.

Tactics

The following basic tactics are useful:[9]

  • Thrower location: Move toward the neutral zone to attack; stay on the back line when not attacking. Do not stand in another player’s line of sight. Do not turn your back to the opponents.
  • Coordinated attack: Call out to teammates to coordinate multiple attacks on the same opponent, preferably from very different angles. Number the opponents, left-to-right, and call out an attack target by number.
  • Throwing technique: Throw with one hand. Aim below the waist to avoid getting caught or making a head shot. Throw when the opponent is distracted. Learn to throw balls so that they curve.[7]

Many local teams and international teams develop their own tactics and calling systems specific to their style of play. These become more complex in higher leagues, which often requires specific training for the players in calling positions such that they can make rapid, tactical decisions.